Francis turbine is a mixed hydraulic turbine the inlet velocity has radial and tangential components while the kaplan turbine is an axial hydraulic turbinethe inlet velocity has only axial velocity component. The francis turbine is a mixedflow radial turbine and is used for medium heads in the range from 5 to 400 m. Recent citations effects of runner change on the winterkennedy flow measurement method. Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine which is suitable for low heads and hence requires a large quantity of water to develop a large. Francis turbine is the most common type of turbine in practice, which presents a sidebyside design of generator. It is an axialflow turbine, which means that the flow direction does not change as it crosses the rotor. The kaplan turbine i s a reaction type which is suitable for low pressure hydropower plants and can be used with big discharges. Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. Pdf the rotational speed estimation of francis and kaplan turbines is of primary importance in the design of hydropower plants. Very simple kaplan turbine design grant ingram 30th january 2007 nomenclature b blade height g gravitational acceleration h head k loss coe. Alden, francis and mgr kaplan estimated that the alden turbine would cost 39% more than a l francis turbine and 35% more than a mgr kaplan unit.
Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. His design is extremely flexible and can be tailored to different head heights and flow rates. Turbines kaplan francis the kaplan turbine was invented in the czech republic by victor kaplan in 1912 1914. The kaplan runner, similar to the francis runner, also should be. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine and it was developed by james b francis. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. Review of existing knowledge on the effectiveness and. General arrangements for pelton, francis, kaplan and kaplan bulb turbine power. Load rejection transient process simulation of a kaplan turbine.
The kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. The vertical configuration of the kaplan turbine allows for larger runner diameters above 10 m and increased unit power, as compared to bulb turbines. Morgan smith, westinghouse, allis chalmers, and international. Mavels kaplan turbines involve design modifications such as a vertical scroll case turbine, bulb. The kaplan runner, similar to the francis runner, also should be submerged in the water for proper operation. In 19, an austrian professor viktor kaplan who developed this turbine combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level. This method of detailed design, is followed by a complete tutorial for the 3d modeling of the turbine blades, and. Kaplan turbine has propeller like blades but works just reverse. Kaplan turbine disposition of shaft is only in vertical direction number of vanes france turbine has very large number of blades 16 to 24 kaplan turbine has very small number of. In 19 kaplan designed a propeller turbine, named kaplan turbine. First, a theoretical design was performed for determining the main characteristics where it showed an efficiency of 94%. Introduction to francis turbine the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine.
Most of the turbines developed earlier were suitable for large heads of water. Mavels kaplan turbines involve design modifications such as a vertical scroll case turbine, bulb turbine, pit turbine, s turbine and z saxo turbine. The francis turbine is the most common water turbine used in today. Pdf optimal rotational speed of kaplan and francis turbines. Turbines are sometimes differentiated on the basis of the type of inlet flow, whether the inlet velocity is in axial direction, radial direction or a combination of both. This kaplan turbine is one of the first three machines to be put into service in the united states. Kaplan turbine is now widely used throughout the world for highflow, low head power production. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine where static pressure head of water is converted into mechanical energy. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. The kaplan turbine runner has 38 blades while francis turbine runner has 1525 blades in general. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working.
Kaplan turbine it is an axial flow reaction turbine. It is more compact then francis turbine which can run faster and maintains high efficiency. Stype horizontal kaplan with better machine efficiency is achieved by relative motion of vanes and blades, which is called the double regulation horizontal kaplan or horizontal full kaplan. This operates in an entirely closed conduit to tailrace. To satisfy large power demands, very large volume flow rates need to be accommodated in the kaplan turbine, i.
Kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a greatdevelopment of early 19thcentury. Kaplan turbine axial flow propeller w variable pitch low head high flow. Multiobjective shape optimization of runner blade for. In the double kaplan regulation version of the turbine, runner and guide wheel regulation the range of flow rate regulation extends from 20% to 100% of the. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. With a double regulation system, kaplan turbines provide high efficiency over a broad range of configurations. With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine.
Francis turbine, pelton turbine, kaplan tubular turbine. Charts showing the relationship between calculated. Modern layout for large kaplan machine customer francis turbine 100 10 0 0 0,1 1 10 100 output mw head m small hydro large hydro. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing water. Over the life of a lignum vitae bearing set, a customer could avoid in excess of 360 days of unplanned outage resulting in significant lost revenue.
What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the. The process of the kaplan turbine design is used as an example in this paper. A kaplan turbine is basically a propeller with adjustable blades inside a tube. The turbine efficiency curve calculation is based on rated head design gross head less. Pdf design and analysis of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as francis turbine, after the name of j. It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved from the francis turbine. In both the cases hydraulic energy of water gets converted into useful power output. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented.
Hydraulic turbine efficiency canadian science publishing. The kaplan is of the propellertype, similar to an airplanepropeller. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine which is suitable for low heads and hence requires a large quantity of water to develop a large amount of power. Difference between frances turbine and kaplan turbine type of turbine. Evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine wikipedia. Difference between frances turbine and kaplan turbine. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. Alternatively, the more expensive kaplan turbine has variablepitch blades which can be altered to give much better partload efficiency, perhaps 90% at one third of full rated output.
It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. The efficiency of a turbine is highly influenced by its runner wheel and this work aims to study the design of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. Pelton turbine propellers francis and kaplan banki. Difference between francis and kaplan turbine pdf 23. Kaplan francis the kaplan turbine was invented in the czech republic by victor kaplan in 1912 1914. Outlet draft tube outlet runner inlet runner outlet. The type of turbine is entered by the user based on its suitability to the available head and flow conditions.
It is capable of working at low head and high flow rates very efficiently which is impossible with francis turbine. Mainly it is designed for low head water applications. Francis and kaplan turbines notes for civil engineering. Subsequent developments were made on francis, pelton and kaplan turbines. Lignum vitae bearings serve turbine diameters of any size. Classification of hydraulic turbines rmd 2501 hydraulic turbines are generally classified as impulseturbineimpulse turbine peltonturgoturbinepelton, turgo turbine reaction turbine francis, kaplan and propeller turbine based on flow direction, they are further classified as. Kaplan turbine is smaller and compact compared to francis turbine. Kaplan turbine is designed for low water head applications. The kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. The kaplan turbine design has improved significantly since that time. The inlet guidevanes can be opened and closed to regulate the amount of flow that can pass through the turbine. The kaplan turbine this type of turbine evolved from the need to generate power from much lower pressure heads than are normally employed with the francis turbine.
The kaplan turbine is a reaction type which is suitable for low pressure hydropower plants and can be used with big discharges. Verification of model calculations for the kaplan turbine. You will find the heliciel site, a method of minihydropower plant design, complete, allowing the design and performance estimation and dimensional parameters of the propeller or kaplan turbine, from guide vanes to draft tube. A full lifecycle costing provides more relevance to the comparison by considering. Design and analysis of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. On the other hand francis and kaplan turbines are reacti. Only a few large low head francis turbines made by kvaerner have been. The kaplan turbine is located between the highpressure water. February 28, 2018 difference between francis and kaplan turbine pdf.
Kaplan turbine works on the principle of axial flow reaction. Nicolle 30,31 provided a simplified cfd setup to model the startup phase of a francis turbine while it went from rest to speed under a noload. The francis turbine was developed by an american engineer james bichens francis around 1855. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. Kaplan turbine has a higher efficiency than francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in the low head application that was not possible with francis turbine.
Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare. Main guide bearings for francis and kaplan turbines. Francis turbine radial flow mixed flow medium head medium flow standard turbine in steam power industry. Following are the differences between pelton wheel, francis and kaplan turbine. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the. Kaplan reaction turbines are axial flow turbines in which the flow is parallel to the axis of the shaft. The comparisons of the calculated results with the verified standard 4k69 kaplan turbine confirm the compliance of. B francis an american engineer who in beginning designed inward. Francis and kaplan both the turbines come under category of reaction turbine i.
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